Iran-Contra affair Essay Example for Free

Iran-Contra affair Essay The Iran-Contra affair was a US scandal that occurred in the mid 1980s under the leadership of President Ronald Reagan and vice president George bush. The scandal majorly involved two events. First, there was the sale of US arms to one of its main enemies, Iran and then the millions of dollars in profits derived from the arms deal were used to finance a clandestine operation rejected by congress, the financing of Nicaraguan guerrillas named the Contra. The Contra guerillas were opponents of the Nicaraguan’s Sandinista rebels who came to power after overthrowing Anastasio Somoza, the then leader of Nicaragua in the year 1979. The idea was to secure the release of American hostages held by the Hezbollah terrorists. This scandal prompted numerous investigations that led the indictment of US government officials. Indeed, many questions still linger on the minds of many concerning the role played by top US White House officials including President Reagan and the then vice president George Bush (TheFreeDictionary, 2009). This paper will discuss some of the dealings in the arms trade, stating their historical background, reasons behind the trade, the parties involved and its eventual outcome. The Contra Affair first received public attention in November 1986 after al-sharia, a Lebanese publication reported that the American government was involved in arms trade with Iran. Worse still, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) supply plane was shot down by the Nicaraguan forces. The only survivor was the pilot and he was captured. The plane was carrying, over 50 000 rounds of ammunition, Russian rifles and boots (Tristam, 2009). The confession of the pilot shocked the public indicating that the US government was involved in arming the contra rebels and also confirmed the earlier reports in the Lebanese publication. The irony was that President Ronald Reagan was on record as having numerously associated the Iran government with terrorism (TheFreeDictionary, 2009). Why Reagan supported the Sandinistas To Reagan, the victory of the Sandinista in Nicaragua was a major US security threat since he thought that it had the potential of sparking off a revolution in Central America (BBC News Channel, 2004). The fear could be traced back to 1954 when Jacobo Arbenz won the elections to become president of Guatemala. What alarmed the US government was his oratory which indicated that the US government was on the verge of losing its control in Central America. In 1979, the Sandinistas overthrew the Arbenz government and initiated communist reforms. This was in spite of the fact that in actual sense they never really defined themselves as communists but as pluralists. They began to reallocate estates and to redistribute wealth and this was enough to alarm the United States which became uncomfortable with having a communist state right in its backyard. Violence also erupted spreading to other countries and this was seen as an indication that communism could end up spreading to other countries in Central America (BBC News Channel, 2004). Reagan was alarmed by these developments and felt that he had to do whatever it took to stop this. Fortunately for him, other groups within Nicaragua began arming themselves against the policies initiated by the Sandinistas. Reagan’s hope then lay in equipping the rebels in an attempt to overthrow the Sandinistas government. At first he allocated the funds openly and even gave additional funds to the CIA to carry out his mission. However, the allocation of funds to the contras was opposed within the United States throwing his plans to the gutter. Ronald Reagan involvement with Iran Ronald Reagan was known to have publicly referred to Iran as one of the nations that both supported and financed terrorism in the world. It therefore seemed to be a stab in the back for US citizens when the world heard reports that the US was trading arms with its worst enemy. The entire situation could be traced back to the 1980 US presidential elections. These pitted the then president Jimmy Carter against the implicated Ronald Reagan. The period between the 1970s and 1980 was one characterized by numerous incidences of hostage taking. In the year 1979, fifty two workers of the US embassy in Iran were captured by Iranian students and held hostage. The US at the time proclaimed a ‘no- negotiation’ policy when dealing with terrorists. The then president Jimmy Carter failed to secure the release of these hostages (Absolute astronomy, 2009). During the elections, Jimmy Carter was slightly taking the lead and if only the US hostages held by the Hezbollah group had been released, it could have been a sure win for Carter. The release of the hostages then became the decisive factor on who would win the elections. This prompted the Reagan team to negotiate a release deal with Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran. This team met with the then prime minister of Iran Bani-sadr in Paris. The agreement reached was that the US hostages would remain captives until after the election and in extension of this favor, Iran would be supplied with weapons. At that time, Iran was at war with Iraq and the supply of weapons was absolutely welcomed. It therefore came to be that immediately after Reagan won the elections, the hostages were released (Angel Force, n. d). Arms transactions The US received special assistance from Israel to carry out the sale of arms to moderate Iranians opposed to Ayatollah Khomeni. Michael Ledeen and Robert McFarlane the then National Security Adviser managed to convince the Israeli government to ship arms to these politically influential Iranians in return for the same kind of weapons along with monetary benefits. Israel agreed but in the mean time Reagan was hospitalized for a colon cancer surgery. Later on, Israel tried to convince the United States to allow Israel to sell a few antitank missiles as an indication that the Iranian group had strong US ties. This offer was initially rejected but eventually Israel managed to convince Reagan that the group was an antiterrorist group. The group in return had promised to talk to the captor to release seven hostages, a proposal that Reagan readily consented to. The plan was later readjusted such that the arms were now to be sold directly to the Iranians at a marked up price of about 715 million dollars as suggested by North. This price was rejected but eventually over one thousand anti-tank missiles were shipped. The adjustments also included the financing of the contras contrary to the Boland Amendments that restricted the US administration and the CIA from financing the contras. (Absolute astronomy, 2009). The scandal blew up after Mehdi Hashemi a cleric with the Islamic revolutionary guards leaked information concerning the trade to Ash-Shiraa, a renowned Lebanese magazine. This together with the crashing of a CIA plane led to Reagan’s confession in the national television that the arms deal transactions had indeed taken place. His argument was that the trade had taken place in an attempt to forge better ties with Iran and to also to make Iran reconsider a negotiation for the release of held hostages (Absolute astronomy, 2009). Conclusion The Iran-Contra Scandal led to the sacking of numerous government officials including Oliver North who was sacked and also tried for the shredding of evidence (some say that the evidence was bulky enough to jam the government’s shredding machine. In his defense, North tried to link the case with the Vietnam War by arguing that the main issue in the affair was the actual financing of the contras (Isaacs, (1997). He also attempted to justify his action by saying that it fell within his powers. The president’s popularity ratings also dropped from a high of 67% to a low of 46%. Internationally, the scandal sent harmful signal to terror indicating that hostage taking could be used as a powerful means of coaxing political influence with the west (Absolute astronomy, 2009). References Absolute astronomy. (2009). Iran-Contra Affair. Retrieved on 28th March, 2009, from: http://www. absoluteastronomy. com/topics/Iran-Contra_Affair BBC News Channel. (2004). Reagan and the Iran-Contra affair. Retrieved on 30th March, 2009, from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/americas/269619. stm Isaacs, A. (1997) Vietnam Shadows. Baltimore London: John Hopkins University Press. TheFreeDictionary. (2009). Iran-Contra Affair . Retrieved on 30th March, 2009, from: http://www. acc. af. mil/news/story. asp? id=123080422 Tristam, P. (2009). What Was the Arms-for-Hostages Iran-Contra Affair? Retrieved on 30th March, 2009, from: http://middleeast. about. com/od/usmideastpolicy/f/me081109f. htm Angel Force. (n. d). Iran-Contra. Retrieved on 30th March, 2009, from: http://www. angelfire. com/ca3/jphuck/BOOK3Ch7. html

A Pair Of Silk Stockings Essay example -- essays research papers

Kate Chopin again writes another short story with a way of getting the attention of the reader in a short period of time. â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings† is based in early to mid 1900's in a average town. Shops, a theater and such lies in the center of town. The author tells of a widowed mother that is not so well off, that discovers a sum of money and is taken away in her own shopping spree and perhaps her own dreams.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Sommers is a middle aged timid mother of a handful of children, and is apparently not well to do anymore after her husband’s death; Not that she probably ever was, but more so than her luck would have it now. She is small framed with tattered old clothes, as if she hasn’t been able to purchase anything in quite awhile, nor would she knowing how...

Leisure Time Essay

In the mid-1800s Americans started to receive a lot of extra time in their hand and had more time to do fun activities. Businesses declining working hours was a major reason for the rise of leisure time but what also had a huge impact was installation of the electric lighting in the city’s streets which made Americans have more time to perform activities at later hours (Lund). So what did Americans decide to do with this time? The recommendation of physical exercise as a way to relive of all the stress raised the importance of physical actives and to also attend spectator sports became part of the leisure activities in the United States. Vaudeville, dance halls, and motion pictures became popular, while new modes of travel allowed Americans to go visit the mountains, seaside resorts and county fairs (Lund). To begin with after the Civil War, the popularity of sports as leisure activities grew as people began to see the importance of exercise to health. While initially only the wealthy could take part in most sporting events because the middle and lower classes couldn’t afford most of the activities .The opening of public available gymnasiums, courts, and fields allowed the middle class to participate in those activities as well (Lund). Athletic clubs such as the New York Athletic Club were organized and the YMCAs began to institute sports programs. These programs mostly focused on track and field events, introduced by communities of European descent, and gymnastics, heavily influenced by German athletics. Gymnasiums, which included exercises using Indian clubs, wooden rings, and dumbbells, were opened in many Eastern cities which helped expand exercise. Also With the extra time Americans gained American sought out to find new ways to keep themselves occupied and entertained. Americans began to seek out new ways to distract themselves so they started to experiment in making new activities to do. As a result of Americans seeking for a new past time they invented Americas greatest past time today, baseball. Different types of Baseball have been played throughout time and before the 1800s but the rise of the sport didn’t come until after the civil war (Bluett). While at war the soldiers had a lot of extra time in their hands the soldiers from New York introduced the game to their comrades from their camps and soon the game also spread to other camps over the north and south. It was said that because of this baseball expanded from the north to the south baseball was recognized more after the civil war ended. After all the soldiers from the camps were taught how to play, they went back home and introduced their sport to their families and friends which helped expand they name of the game (Bluett). In 1870 the first professional team were founded but didn’t last for more than five years. In 1876 the first major professional league that was formed was the National league of baseball clubs which still exist today. Another sport that was created by Americans in the 19th century which they invented to perform as a leisure activity was Basketball. The game was created from the mind of James Naismith in 1891, while he was an instructor at the School for Christian Workers, later called the International YMCA Training School, in Springfield, Massachusetts (McComb). The YMCA was an international organization that focused on the idea that physical as well as religious training was important for humans. Naismith had graduated from McGill University, and after leaving a Presbyterian seminary jo ined the YMCA school in Massachusetts. When he arrived the director of the YMCA name Luther asked Naismith if he could design an interesting indoor sport for physical activity in a gymnasiums Americans can exercise while having fun in the winter when it was cold and couldn’t be outside (McComb). He thought that people were bored of just working out with weights and running around without a purpose. James considered the thought of throwing a ball into a box, like the warm-up exercise he had used when he played rugby but only this time the box was ten feet up and had to dribble the ball (McComb). The game was a success Americans all over the country were playing it and it even expanded internationally. In the 1880s women didn’t really perform any  sports but after they were introduced with basketball they were so fascinated that it became one of women’s favorite sport in the 1880s. Furthermore although men performed the majority of sports activities around the 19th century. Opportunities for women beg an to appear as the century ended. Some of the most popular sports for women in the 19 century were basketball and lawn tennis. Also by the end of the century schools began to offer even more sports activities for females, such as gymnastics and basketball. One of the most popular sports for women was basketball. Girls’ and women’s basketball flourished in the early years of the game. Two days after the invention of basketball, some female teachers who had heard the shouts of players coming from the gym, asked Naismith to instruct them (Woolum). Naismith did so and the women became very fund of the sport. In 1892 after the women new the game better the YMCA hosted the first tournament for women (Woolum). The game for women spread and they even got to play in college, in 1896 the first intercollegiate game was played in Berkeley between the University of California and Stanford. No male spectators were allowed at the Berkeley match because it was considered improper for male viewers to attend (Woolum). Also the other sport the women were very fund of was lawn tennis. Mary Ewing Outerbridge has be en credited with introducing lawn tennis to the United States in 1874. When she went to Bermuda she watched as British Army officers were hitting a rubber ball with spoon-shaped paddles strung with catgut across an outstretched net. Fascinated by the game, Outerbridge brought a box of the tennis equipment with her and returned to New York (Woolum). When she got home she introduced the game to her friends and family. The game rapidly got popular and became very popular not just with women but with men as well and rapidly spread throughout the Northeast as a favorite national pastime (Woolum). In addition Americans didn’t just past their times with sports they also enjoyed other activities like attending vaudeville shows. Within cities, people attended vaudeville shows which would include many acts. The vaudeville shows were usually watched by the middle class, the shows often ran for many hours so the people could come and go whenever they wanted (Ushistory). In the Vaudeville shows the viewers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy (Lund). Vaudeville shows weren’t just for entertaining they also talked  about economic and ethnic situations. Other popular shows of the time included circuses and Wild West shows, one of the most famous plays was Buffalo Bill Cody’s by William F. Motion pictures also served as entert ainment during leisure time for urban audiences. Initially the movies were originalities in kinescope viewers, until they became acts in their own right on the vaudeville stage. As motion pictures became longer, they moved into storefront Nickelodeon theaters and then into even larger theaters (Lund). Finally another activity Americans did as for their leisure time was to go on vacations. Some people wished to go further afield on their vacations and leave the city now that they invented a new way to travel faster which was by trains (Ushistory). Many with limited budgets went to the countryside or the beaches which mostly included the lower and middle class. Towards the late nineteenth century resorts opened in the outskirts of cities, such as the beach area of Asbury Park in New Jersey which was founded in 1870 (Lund). Amusement parks opened in places like Coney Island in New York was founded in 1897.the Park offering rides, fun houses, and scenes from foreign life, and the latest technological breakthroughs, such as motion pictu res. National parks were created by the federal government to preserve nature and many began to tour these areas on vacation (Lund). One such example was Yellowstone Park where people camped or stayed at the hotels, the park was built there in the late 1880s. World’s fairs and expositions held in different U.S. cities offered Americans a chance to tour the world in one place. The fairs celebrated progress and featured exhibits of science and technology, foreign villages, shows, rides and vendors. The first major one was the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876 (Lund). All in all Americans in the 19th century performed a large variety of activities for their leisure time. Men performed many different physical activities especially when clubs like the YMCA was introduced which helped more Americans become more active, also American performed sports like baseball and basketball in their leisure time. In the late 19th century even women were starting to take place in the sports a nd other activates. Another major activity Americans did for leisure time was to go to vaudeville shows which had all sorts of acts from Shakespeare plays to comedy acts. Finally after traveling was easier Americans started to go on vacations outside the city and go to resorts and world fairs for their leisure time. Bibliography 1. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awlhtml/awlleis.html a. Leisure after the civil war b. Lund, Karen C. â€Å"America at Work / America at Leisure, 1894-1915.† America at Work / America at Leisure, 1894-1915. Memory.loc.gov, 01 June 2000. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. 2. http://www.pacivilwartrails.com/stories/tales/baseball-and-the-civil-war a. Baseball and the civil war b. Bluett, Terry. â€Å"Baseball and the Civil War.† Welcome to the Pennsylvania Civil War Trails. Civil War Trails, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2013. 3. http://www.elibrary.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=search&dictionaryClick=on&secondaryNav=&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=FA9DBE62F456E22634A15DC6F7B76C44_1385528175587&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B171337845 a. The Great Spectator Sports of North America b. McComb, David G. â€Å"ELibrary: Login.† ELibrary: Login. Proquest, 01 Dec. 1998. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. 4. http://www.ushistory.org/us/39b.asp a. Leisure time b. Ushistory.org. â€Å"39b. Sports and Leisure.† Sports and Leisure [ushistory.org]. U.S. History Online Textbook, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. 5. http://www.elibrary.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=search&dictionaryClick=on&secondaryNav=&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=3&edition=&ts=FA9DBE62F456E22634A15DC6F7B76C44_1385528175587&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B28013995 a. Women in America sports b. Woolum, Janet. â€Å"ELibrary: Login.† ELibrary: Login. Elibrary, 05 Aug. 1992.

Eugenics and Planned Parenthood Essay - 1405 Words

When one contemplates the concept of eugenics, few think of modern contraception and abortion when in reality they are one in the same. The American Eugenics Society, founded in 1923, proudly proclaimed that men with incurable â€Å"conditions† should be sterilized. However these conditions were often none that could be helped, such as, one’s intelligence, race, and social class (Schweikart and Allen 529-532). The purpose of the society was to create the perfect class of men; elite in all ways. Likewise, Margaret Sanger’s feminist, contraceptive movement was not originally founded with this purpose. It was marketed as a way to control the population and be merciful to those yet to be born, again determined also by race and†¦show more content†¦A superior race determined by ethnic origin, intelligence, and even physical appearance. Margaret Sanger built upon Davenport’s movement through the concept of contraception rather than sterilization. Altho ugh her initial purpose was not to create a superior race, the contraception movement had an equally detrimental effect upon society. Fuelled by the anger from her mother’s death, Sanger wrote The Woman Rebel advocating controlling who could reproduce (Citation). Just as Davenport, she had criteria for those she wished to eliminate including, Jews, Blacks, and Chinese (Schweikart and Allen 529-532). She also believed that large families were wasteful and wrong. In her book Women and the New Race, Sanger stated that â€Å"the most merciful thing a large family could do to new baby is to kill it.† She believed he could not be properly loved and cared for and furthermore considered him a waste of resources(â€Å"Margaret Sanger: Family Planning†). Her articles were condemned illegal and she fled to England where she truly let her colors show. She established the Birth Control Review in 1917 and wrote pro eugenics articles including â€Å"Some Moral Aspects of Euge nics† and â€Å"Birth Control and Positive Eugenics†. The positive response in England encouraged Sanger to return to the U.S to market birth control in a more palatable fashion as family planning. ThisShow MoreRelatedEugenics Movement And The American Community1395 Words   |  6 Pagesprevent the impregnation of â€Å"bad genes† into the American community. Eugenics seemed to offer that solution. Eugenics still implements their version of â€Å"population control† and/or â€Å"family-planning† in our society today and we don’t even know it. We play along and support without even knowing why we’re playing along or what we are supporting. To help open the eyes of the majority, we need to go back in time and show how the â€Å"Eugenics Movement† started. How the country we love so much, did not love usRead MoreThe Supreme Court Decision Of Roe V. Wade1376 Words   |  6 Pagesin pro-life principles is because they believe that the legality and acceptance of abortion promotes an environment in which life is no longer considered sacred and no longer valued. Pro-lifers also recognize eugenic termination as a blatant form of discrimination against the disabled. Eugenic termination is the termination of a pregnancy due some sort of genetic abnormality that the baby is to be born with. Another way that discrimination is found in abortion is that abortion significantly affectsRead MoreEugenics Is The Idea Of Eugenics1714 Words   |  7 Pagesto eliminate undesired traits and disease? Eugenics is the idea that future generations can be improved through the selection of desirable characteristics. Some find eugenics to be taboo and artificial. Others find it to be the key to improving the gene pool of the human population (â€Å"Sir Francis Galton†). By learning more about the origin, use, and effects of eugenics, one can better speculate on its place in society today. The origin of eugenics goes back to ancient times. People have consistentlyRead MoreDr. Randall K. O’Bannon’S Winter Of 2013 Article â€Å"40 Years:1163 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"40 Years: Planned Parenthood Becomes Abortion Empire† published on the National Right to Life News website was another voiced opinion added to the debate of the controversial funding of Planned Parenthood. As director of education and research at National Right to Life Center (NRLC) and an active member of Manassas Assembly of God Church, O’Bannon has made his audience aware of his knowledge and passion of the subject, and has written many other articles concerning Planned Parenthood (PPFA), itsRead MoreMargaret Sanger s The Prevention Of African American Births1802 Words   |  8 PagesSanger. ïÆ'Ëœ Sanger planned the First World Population Conference in Geneva and invited known racists:, Henry Fairchild, Edward East, Clarence Little, and Raymond Pearl. ïÆ'Ëœ Sanger spoke at a Ku Klux Klan meeting. She claimed she acheived her goal and several similar organizations invited her to speak. ïÆ'Ëœ She complained foreigners were â€Å"ignorant of hygiene and the conditions of modern life.† Also noting that they lived in the slums and brought the value of cities down. 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She had finally won everyones hearts with planned parenthood in 1939, (when it was founded) and she was no longer a radical feminist. Her role in birth control became largely horrific after world war 2 and she had to change her aspects on birth control. She had decided to travel to many other countriesRead MoreMargaret Sangers A Moral Necessity For Birth Control1588 Words   |  7 Pagesof birth control were criminalized under the Comstock Act of 1873 because people believed it was immoral. Margaret Sanger, who had opened the first birth control clinic in 1916 in spite of the Comstock Act of 1873, was a feminist and advocate of eugenics. After serving prison time, Sanger returned publicly and illegally with drive to present a strong argument that defended the moral use of birth control. Prior to her morally controversial 1921 speech, Sanger was arrested in New York for her intent

Uniform Civil Code in India Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1964 Downloads: 25 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Topics: India Essay Did you like this example? UNIFORM CIVIL CODE The term Uniform Civil Code connotes the idea of same set of civil rules for the citizens irrespective of their religion, caste, etc. Civil law governs the matters pertaining to marriage, adoption, inheritance, succession and so on. In India such matters of the citizens are still governed by the personal laws of their respective communities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Uniform Civil Code in India Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Its the mandate upon the state as a directive principle of state policy to promulgate a Uniform Civil Code for whole the country. But even after 66 years of independence it is just a distant dream leading to various ambiguities in the interpretation of personal laws. So, the present paper is deliberating upon the importance of uniform civil code as a tool to create religious harmony, there by promoting fraternity as enshrined in the Constitution. The need for uniform civil code was presented by female activists in the beginning of the 20th century, with the objective ofwomens rights, equality and secularism ADVANTAGES: 1) Uniform civil code will strengthen the status of women and lower castes people as many laws are favorable to them. 2) The code is the sign that the country has crossed the barriers of caste and religion considerations. 3) Modern, equal and gender sensitive laws are the need of the country and Uniform civil code serves the purpose. 4) The code is the sign that the country has crossed the barriers of caste and religion considerations. 5) The code will help to reduce vote bank politics. WHY THERE IS NO UNIFORM CIVIL CODE YET? If uniform civil code comes into existence, the same rule will apply to all the people of the nation without considering their religion, caste, with regards to divorce, marriage, adoption, property, maintenance, and inheritance. The last central government did not touch this sensitive issue as it involved personal sentimental values of people towards their religion. The first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru sighted the need of uniform civil code during his tenure, but he was only able to include it in the directive principles of the constitution. ARTICLE 44 OF CONSTITUTION OF INDIA The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. This provision was made to promote unity and integrity which is the cherished goal enshrined in the preamble to our constitution.Article 44 of the Indian constitution aims at social justice and equality to all the citizens of India. The Uniform Civil Code, includes all legal aspects, social events in matter of birth, death, marriage, divorce, maintenance, inheritance, succession, and adoption etc. It also relates to the rights and freedoms given by the Constitution of India, but it does not relate the social practices and cultural customs. GOA CIVIL CODE The goa civil code is also known as goa family law, it governs the residence of Indian state of goa. In India there are religion-specific civil codes that governs various religions. The Goa civil is mostly based on PortugueseCivil Code 1867 and had some modifications in it after it was introduced in Goa 1970 While the whole nation is unable to implement uniform civil code, the small state of goa has been successful in doing so. While the nation is still in the process of debating over the controversial topic of uniform civil code, the state of goa has successfully implemented it. The state of goa runs a same set of family laws for all the communities residing in the state of goa. Goa civil code governs all the citizen of goa irrespective caste, religion and gender. The Goa civil is mostly based on PortugueseCivil Code 1867 and had some modifications in it after it was introduced in Goa 1970 Under the working of this code, no discrimination is there in Hindu, Muslims, Christians or any other community in GOA. It exercise control over matters like succession, marriage, divorce, etc. and also in matters of gender inequality. Under this Code, each birth, death and marriage is compulsorily to be registered and it provides for anequal distribution of property to both husband and wife(irrespective of gender) and also among n children also. The Muslims who had their marriages registered in goa cannot marry second wife nor can divorce the existing wife to remarry another lady. Under the code, at the time of divorce distribution of property has very strict provisions. In case of divorce each spouse will get half the share of the total property. In case of succession, if a spouse dies half of the property will be given to the alive spouse and half to the children, irrespective of gender. DEBATE ON UNIFORM CIVIL CODE According to Article 39 the Uniform Civil Code is taken as a principle of government. Also the Supreme Court stated that they have been waiting for the long enough and now the government should come forward for the Uniform Civil Code. In the constitution the Muslim assembly have been rejected it in a big manner and by these the Ambedkar Shab has said that the government will be foolish who have rejected it without asking their own people. According to the members of Assembly the Uniform Civil Code is going to affect the constitution in many of manner. Also the freedom of religion is guaranteed to each and every one and no one has the right to take. The constitution of Assembly stated that in his Article 44 that the every country should impose the Uniform Civil Code so that country can be sat together. BENEFIT CHALLENGES OF UNIFORM CIVIL CODE IN INDIA A Uniform Civil Code is much better for India. As India need the Uniform Civil Code because in India there are different laws, rules and regulation according to the different religion, different caste and section, which make the confusion in the law. Right now in India it is benefit because in India there are different law, so by these the different laws will become one law and all the people will stay with unity and equality and the whole country will be one country. If Uniform Civil Code enters in India then there will be no minorities and also the riots related to all the religion be stop. Also the minorities have the right to get there space for there their religion but as they are minorities therefore they cannot get space for their religion. The major challenge related to the Uniform Civil Code in India is the political parties .As all the parties are there to form their own government and fulfill their basic need and luxurious needs. The constitution of India does not need any amendment because it itself is capable to change the laws of the country. If uniform Civil Code came in to India then there will be the one law, one country, and one nation. Also the gender discrimination will be over the religion riots, warsetc. will be diminished. OBLIGATION ON THE UNIFORM CIVIL CODE After the consideration of the fundamental rights in Part 3 of the constitution, the constituent assembly decided to frame the directive state principle of state policy. There was justifiable difference between the two, not only that but right to enforce the fundamental rights is also made fundamental. The directive principles policy, however were not made justifiable, for obvious reasons. The directive principles were not made valid for various reasons. Article 37 of the constitution says, the provisions contained in the part will not be enforceable by and court, but the principles there in laid in are nevertheless fundamental in governance of the country, and it shall be duty of the state to apply this principles in making laws WHAT DOES INDIAN CONSTITUTION SAYS ABOUT THE UNIFORM CIVIL CODE? Article 44 is considered as one of the Pioneer Principles ever brought in the history of Constitution. It states The State shall Endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. The provision was made to promote unity and integrity which is the cherished goal enshrined in Preamble to our Constitution. Article 37 of the constitution makes it clear that shall not be enforceable by any court. CASE STUDY CASE 1:Mohammed Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum In 1932 a Muslim woman named Shah Bano was married to Mohammed Ahmad Khan. Mohammed Ahmad Khan was a well-known advocate in Indore, Madhya Pradesh and had five children with his wife Shah Bano. After 14 years of marriage, Mohammed Ahmad Khan married to a younger woman and after living with both the wives he threw Shah Bano and her five children out of the house. In April 1978, when Mohammed Ahmad Khan stopped giving him Rs.200 per month which he promised to give her saying that she had no means to support her five children and herself, she filed a petition against her husband Mohammed Ahmad Khan at a local court under section 125 of the code Code of Criminal Procedure, asking him for giving her amount of Rs.500 for her children and herself. On November 1978 Mohammed Ahmad Khan her husband gave her divorce which was legal under Islamic Law and hence defending himself he said Shah Bano had ceased to be his wife so he was no more liable to give her monthly maintenance to her except the pre-determined amount that is Rs.5400. In August 1979, Mohammed Ahmad Khan was ordered by court to pay Shah Bano Rs.25 per month by way of maintenance. On July 1st 1980, on revisional case of Shah Bano, the High Court of Madhya Pradesh raised the amount to Rs.179.20 per month as her maintenance for her five children and herself. Mohammed Ahmed Khan then filed a petition to appeal before Supreme Court stating that Shah Bano was no more her wife because he had married another woman and it was legal under Islamic Act and stated that he was o more liable to pay her maintenance. Case 2 : The appellant married respondent as per the muslim rites on 27/10/1980. During the wedding three children were born 2 daughter and 1 son. On the occurrence of the dispute between them, the respondent trashed the appellant out of the house along with the children, also refrained and neglected to maintain the children. After thrashing the first wife out of the house, the respondent married again and brought the second wife, as the appellant had no financial aid to maintain herself and the kids and her husband i.e the responder was financially sound, so she filled an application under section 125 Cr .P. C. in the court. She claimed a sum of Rs. 400/- pm for herself and Rs. 300/- pm for each child as maintaince cost. The trial court found that the respondent had failed and refrained to maintain his wife and children. And the appellant and her children were entitled to grant of maintaince from her husband. The trial court directed the respondent to pay Rs. 200/- pm for his wife and Rs.150 /- pm for each child till they all are major. In the mean time the respondent divorced the appellant and filed an application in the trial court seeking modification of order. The Trial Court held that in view of the provisions of the 1986 Act the wife after her divorce was grantded maintenance only for a period of three months i.e. for the period of Iddat. the childrens concern was not affected. Thus in the personal laws, muslim women have very weak status. Hence the uniform civil code will altogether empower women of all the religions and caste. BIBLIOGRAPHY https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-07-28/news/27541538_1_uniform-civil-code-personal-laws-sarla-mudgal https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/should-india-have-a-uniform-civil-code-394-1.html https://theglobaljournals.com/gra/file.php?val=September_2013_1379480988_82bba_57.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd._Ahmed_Khan_v._Shah_Bano_Begum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_civil_code_of_India https://www.quora.com/Why-doesnt-India-have-a-uniform-civil-code-Why-are-there-different-laws-based-on-religion-when-India-is-a-secular-nation https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/ucc.htm - THE END -

Recipe For The Ultimate Breakfast On The Go, Reach For...

For the ultimate breakfast on the go, reach for this intriguing healthy breakfast recipe. Coffee baking recipes for breakfast are ideal because they give the food energy you need in the morning, plus the coffee adds a needed caffeinated jolt. Cooking with coffee is easy, and can be a great way to use up your leftovers. I don t know about you, but there are just some days where I have a hard time functioning without that morning cup (or cups) of coffee. I try not to rely on coffee too much for my morning ritual (maybe singing that anti-coffee song all the time in middle school did affect me) but nothing wakes me up quite as well as a cup of coffee. When I make coffee for myself though, I sometimes find myself with leftover coffee at the end. I don t want to throw it away, but I d also rather not drink stale coffee heated in the microwave. The solution? Time to reveal some healthy coffee baking recipes. 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Soul Tracks free essay sample

You’d eat all the potatoes in Idaho! If you were to simply approach a random pedestrian and begin your conversation with that statement, about ninety nine point ninety nine percent of the human population would react in one of two ways. A fair amount of people would respond with a rather disturbed and bewildered expression upon their face, followed by a more than swift attempt to escape your apparent insanity. The second, the more drastic of the two, with a terrifying stoic stare, followed immediately by a quick injection of a mild sedative, only to find yourself awaking the following morning in a comfortably padded room, sporting a tightly fitted straight jacket. However, there is that point zero one percent who would respond with something like Ha, Yeah man. Dr. Phil is such a ridiculous air head with nothing better to do than relay people’s problems right back at their face. That point zero one percent is my best friend Ben. Let’s travel back to the roots of an incomprehensible and unique friendship between Ben and myself. The year is 1999, and I had just been ever so fortunate as to have used my inconceivable array of knowledge to graduate to the third grade. Don’t ask me how I did it either. Anyway, one glorious day at Durham Elementary and Intermediate School, the class had just been released for recess. Please don’t tell me you don’t remember how excited you used to get for recess†¦Oh god, the sheer greatness was unheard of! I often compare it with winning the lottery, then re-enacting the story to a news station and winning again. Yeah, it was THAT good. Sorry, off track again, back to the story! So I ran outside to the top of the entangled mess of slides, monkey bars, and whatever the heck else they could cram into its multiplex of intensity. As I was crossing the rickety, and supposedly disaster prone bridge atop the structure, I had noticed a friendly game of tag in progress. Being the natural social butterfly I am, I knew this was something I had to get in on. That’s when I met Ben. As the fierce game of tag drew on, I noticed someone who caught my attention. Another boy, donning glasses, a Texas Tech baseball cap, and stylish black Vans, had the AUDACITY to inform me that, I quote, Could Never catch him. This maniacal taunt enticed me to pursue the boy, as I had now made it my main objective to apprehend the arrogant little bugger. As my mission neared completion, I could feel the excitement boiling inside my tiny, third grade body. However, when I failed to accomplish Operation Catch Charlie, I was slightly disappointed to say the least. However, when I mustered up the courage to speak with my defeater, I was surprised to find he was not an enemy at all. In fact, he was the exact opposite. He became my best friend. From then on, Ben and I became inseparable. We would do everything together! Baseball games, movies, sleepovers, you know, the whole nine yards. As we continued to grow, and mature into the stunningly gorgeous men we are today, our parents too became friends and seemed to hit it off just as well as us! Well, not exactly like us I guess. It would be rather atypical for groups of grown adults to get together and have overnight parties; playing complicated electronic gaming systems and postpone sleep with talks of developing girls. Anyway, as our mothers and fathers continued to grow closer as friends every day, they were oblivious to the fact that, with each passing minute Ben and I were getting even closer than before. Which isn’t ultimately a bad thing at all, but you don’t know what Ben and I are capable of getting ourselves into. And again, not in a negative fashion by any means, but basically, we were almost too alike for society’s Social Norm. Then things to ok a turn for perfection when our ever so loving parents announced to us that over the course of the upcoming eighth grade Spring Break, we would be embarking upon a ski trip together, as two families. In this moment, our parents were once again, ever so unaware of how much even closer this would bring Ben and me. After our first trip, we took numerous other vacations together as well, including another ski trip, three tropical cruises, and countless visits to the luxurious, and upscale Hyatt Hill Country Resort and Spa in San Antonio, Texas. From the moment we returned from our first epic excursion, the deal was sealed. Ben and I were no longer just best friends. We were family. The thing to most importantly understand about a family is it is eternal, indestructible, and has everlasting love for each other. When a person grows up in a world without a family, the sense of belonging, and acceptance in life, he or she becomes socially and emotionally crippled and scarred for life. It’s a proven fact that one thrives when nourished with care and love. The other important characteristic of a family to understand is that while families will always love you regardless of what you choose to do with your brief amount of time on this planet, they also do fight. Ben and I are no exception to this seemingly factual social, unwritten law. We have had our disagreements, and even at one point, falling outs. There was a point not too long ago in my life in which I was deeply and thoroughly confused with my life. I began spending time with people far different from Ben and me, and started changing physically, socially, and emotionally. For a while, Ben and I ceased t alking. Three months passed, and with each passing day, it literally tore me up inside to know I couldn’t even face the person I cared about most in my life. After a much needed period of self reflection, I summoned up my courage and approached my best friend one day at school. In near tears, I confessed to him that I was sorry, and that I missed being with him so much, it was near killing me. He very calmly replied that he would converse with me on the subject in the near future. For the moment, I was relieved, but most certainly far from closure. For days, I anxiously awaited his call, his confronting, some sign of forgiveness. Then one day, I received a phone call from my best friend. He voiced to me that he too, wanted to sit down for lunch one afternoon and figure out what went so awfully wrong. I will not go much further into the details of what was discussed, as it is extremely personal, and incredibly close to my heart, but fortunately, we were able to work things out and become friends again. Best friends, like we always were, and always will be. To me, the true definition of a friend is someone who will sustain any amount of built up anger, or hostility, and stand by you regardless of whatever past events may have hindered your friendship. No matter what. And that’s exactly what Ben did for me, and I can honestly say I would stand in front of a loaded weapon, and take a bullet for Ben. That’s just how much I love him, and I’m not ashamed, or afraid, to admit that at all. Well, enough of this emotional, doleful side to my story. It’s making my eyes moisten just having to retell it. The point I am trying to make is this. I would like to come across just one other individual who feels as strongly about their best friend as I do. Who can honestly tell me, that they and their best friend have eaten an entire box of Oreo cookies in just two nights? Or who can tell me that they and their best friend have spent 216 straight, unseparated hours together without wanting to ring each other’s necks? Or that they and their best friend have cruised down a suburban road, while one drives and the other furiously and senselessly twirls a household banana out the vehicle’s sunroof? (Much to the befuddlement of passing motorists). I’ll tell you who, no one. Because Ben is simply put, someone I can’t live without, and I am so fortunate to have had someone as wonderful as him be a part of my life. I leave you with this quotation. Life is full of people who will make you laugh, cry, smile until your face hurts, and so happy you think you’ll burst. But the ones who leave their footprints on your soul are the ones that keep your life going. -Natalie Bernot